Difference between "callout" and "popup" (terminology)

I noticed that many in web development talk of “callout” and “callout menu” but they all seem to talk of different things.
According to Wiktionary one meaning is:
An annotation that pertains to a specific location in a body…
On/off switch with middle state?

We’re using an iOS-style on/off switch to toggle selected items on/off. This switch will also reflect the state of the selected items. If you select items that are on, the switch will show on. Select items that are off, the s…
User choosing frequency-based thresholds

As part of a site’s advanced filters, I want to give people the ability to filter based on the frequency of results. i.e. “show only results that occur at least once per month” or “show only results that appear at least weekl…
What to name a system

We are launching a new performance system and I have recommended the name should be descriptive of what you can do in the system to assist new employees to the organisation and those that only use the system one a year i.e. i…
Sharing a link in iOS: where to place an action button if not in a bar?

I’m going to explain what I’ve been told to meet: I need to add a kind of “tell a friend” option within a settings menu the app already has (which is a table view). The purpose of such “tell a friend” option is to share a lin…
Rationale behind off-center trackpads?

Many laptops come with an off-center trackpad as seen below:
What’s the rationale behind this design? Has any research been done into what end-users prefer?
As my personal and very subjective opinion, it’s the number one t…